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2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
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4. Questions - Got a question about Universal Joint then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Universal Joint? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Universal Joint and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Universal Joint wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Universal Joint then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Universal Joint site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Universal Joint, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Universal Joint, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
A
universal joint,
U joint,
Gerolamo Cardano joint,
Hardy-Clarence W. Spicer joint, or
Hooke's joint is a
joint in a rigid rod that allows the rod to 'bend' in any direction. It consists of a pair of ordinary
hinges located close together, but oriented at 90° relative to each other.
History
The concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since antiquity. One anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on
ballistae. The first person known to have suggested its use for transmitting motive power was Gerolamo Cardano, an Italian mathematician, in
1545, although it is unclear whether he produced a working model. Christopher Polhem later reinvented it and it was called "Polhem knot". In Europe, the device is often called the
Cardan joint or
Cardan shaft.
Robert Hooke produced a working universal joint in
1676, giving rise to an alternative name, the
Hooke's joint. It was the American car manufacturer Henry Ford who gave it the name
universal joint.
Angular speed
{| align="right" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"|-valign="top"|align="center" width="180px" |
image:Universal joint - output speed relative to input speed.png|align="center" width="180px" |
image:Universal joint - output angle relative to input angle.png|-valign="top"|align="left" width="180px"|Angular output shaft speed ω2 for different angles β of the input shaft|align="left" width="180px"|Output shaft angle for different angles β of the input shaft|}When the two shafts are at an angle other than 180° (straight), the driven shaft does not rotate with constant angular speed in relation to the drive shaft; the more the angle goes toward 90° the jerkier the movement gets (clearly, when the angle β = 90° the shafts would even lock). However, the overall
Speed#Average speed of the driven shaft remains the same as that of driving shaft, and so speed ratio of the driven to the driving shaft on average is 1:1 over multiple rotations.
The angular speed ω2 of the driven shaft, as a function of the angular speed of the driving shaft ω1 and the angle of the driving shaft φ1, is found using:
\omega_2 = \frac{\omega_1\cos\beta}{1-\sin^2\beta\cos^2\phi_1}
and the angular acceleration,
\alpha_2 = \frac{\omega_1^2\sin^2\beta\cos\beta\sin 2\phi_1}{(1-\sin^2\beta\sin^2\phi_1)^2}
To prevent the jerky rotation of the axle or driven shaft there usually are two U-joints in a three part shaft assembly. The second U-joint will convert the jerky movement back to an even, uniform speed of the third shaft - if both the driving and the driven shaft are
parallel (geometry) and the two universal joints are correctly aligned with each other. Usually β
A
universal joint,
U joint,
Gerolamo Cardano joint,
Hardy-Clarence W. Spicer joint, or
Hooke's joint is a joint in a rigid rod that allows the rod to 'bend' in any direction. It consists of a pair of ordinary
hinges located close together, but oriented at 90° relative to each other.
History
The concept of the universal joint is based on the design of gimbals, which have been in use since antiquity. One anticipation of the universal joint was its use by the Ancient Greeks on
ballistae. The first person known to have suggested its use for transmitting motive power was Gerolamo Cardano, an Italian mathematician, in
1545, although it is unclear whether he produced a working model. Christopher Polhem later reinvented it and it was called "Polhem knot". In Europe, the device is often called the
Cardan joint or
Cardan shaft. Robert Hooke produced a working universal joint in
1676, giving rise to an alternative name, the
Hooke's joint. It was the American car manufacturer
Henry Ford who gave it the name
universal joint.
Angular speed
{| align="right" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse"|-valign="top"|align="center" width="180px" |
image:Universal joint - output speed relative to input speed.png|align="center" width="180px" |image:Universal joint - output angle relative to input angle.png|-valign="top"|align="left" width="180px"|Angular output shaft speed ω2 for different angles β of the input shaft|align="left" width="180px"|Output shaft angle for different angles β of the input shaft|}When the two shafts are at an angle other than 180° (straight), the driven shaft does not rotate with constant angular speed in relation to the drive shaft; the more the angle goes toward 90° the jerkier the movement gets (clearly, when the angle β = 90° the shafts would even lock). However, the overall Speed#Average speed of the driven shaft remains the same as that of driving shaft, and so speed ratio of the driven to the driving shaft on average is 1:1 over multiple rotations.
The angular speed ω2 of the driven shaft, as a function of the angular speed of the driving shaft ω1 and the angle of the driving shaft φ1, is found using:
\omega_2 = \frac{\omega_1\cos\beta}{1-\sin^2\beta\cos^2\phi_1}
and the
angular acceleration,
\alpha_2 = \frac{\omega_1^2\sin^2\beta\cos\beta\sin 2\phi_1}{(1-\sin^2\beta\sin^2\phi_1)^2}
To prevent the jerky rotation of the axle or driven shaft there usually are two U-joints in a three part shaft assembly. The second U-joint will convert the jerky movement back to an even, uniform speed of the third shaft - if both the driving and the driven shaft are
parallel (geometry) and the two universal joints are correctly aligned with each other. Usually β
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Universal joint - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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